Employers who intend to make vaccination mandatory may face an uphill battle. For a start, they have several administrative obstacles to overcome, such as doing a risk assessment, identifying employees that must be vaccinated, and developing a vaccination plan and appropriate measures to implement the plan.
Employers are also likely to face considerable challenges when dealing with employees who refuse to be vaccinated. The South African Human Rights Commission has even gone so far as to invite employees who feel that they have been prejudiced to voice their concerns with the Commission.
The obligations of employers regarding COVID-19 and vaccination are contained in a new set of ‘Consolidated Directions on Occupational Health and Safety Measure in Certain Workplaces’ were gazetted on 11 June 2021 – these Directions are available at https://www.labourwise.co.za/downloads/topical-temporary-download.
GENERAL VACCINATION OBLIGATIONS
With the vaccination roll-out well underway, there are several obligations that apply to all employers, irrespective of whether or not they intend to make vaccination mandatory. In this article we shall focus only on mandatory vaccination.
MANDATORY VACCINATION
On what basis may vaccinations be made mandatory?
The reasons for making vaccination mandatory can vary widely. Sometimes the reasons can be justified, sometimes not.
Consider the following scenarios:
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Scenario A: A forestry worker who works mainly from home, but does daily assignments in the field where he seldom encounters anyone (Mandatory vaccination may not be justified).
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Scenario B: A health worker who is exposed to many people on a daily basis, often the elderly or others who are at risk of severe Covid-19 disease or death because of their age or comorbidities (Mandatory vaccination may be justified).
The above-mentioned scenarios are at the extreme ends of the spectrum and have been mentioned for illustrative purposes. Most employer will find themselves somewhere in between. There may be cases where employers decide to make vaccination mandatory for only for certain employees due to the nature of their work.
Mandatory vaccination is likely to be justified in situations where employees are exposed to the public, for example:
- Sales staff or waiters in restaurants who are in regular contact with customers; or
- Employees that have close contact with other employees, for example in certain factory environments where it is inevitable that employees work in close proximity to each other and share facilities; or
- Domestic workers who are responsible for taking care of the sick and elderly; or
- Employees who need to travel to foreign destinations that have strict vaccination requirements.
In the following paragraph we give a broad outline of the factors that could affect a decision on whether vaccination should be made mandatory.
Considerations for mandatory vaccination
Annexure C of the Consolidated Directions provides certain guidelines (they are stated generally and make allowance for departures if justified by the circumstances). There could be several other factors, not mentioned in the guidelines, that may affect the employer’s decision to a greater or lesser extent. Relevant considerations include:
- The size and nature of the business;
- The provisions of collective agreements (only where applicable);
- Different interests (that may be in conflict with each other), namely:
- public health imperatives;
- the constitutional rights of employees (i.e. the right to bodily integrity, as well as freedom of religion and opinion); and
- the efficient operation of the employer’s business;
- The health of others (non-employees) that employees engage with in the course of their employment.
Risk assessment and vaccination plan
According to the Directions, employers who intend to introduce mandatory vaccinations must:
- Undertake a risk assessment and identify employees who work in situations where:
- The risk of transmission is high due to the nature of employees’ work; and
- The risk for severe COVID-19 disease or death is high due to an employee’s age or comorbidities;
- Develop or amend their existing COVID-19 vaccination plan to include measures spelt out in the Guidelines for mandatory vaccination (Annexure C of the Consolidated Directions). The content of the plan must take account of the size and nature of the business, as well as any collective agreement (if applicable);
- Transport needs to be provided to and from the vaccination site, if reasonably practicable; and
- If the employee suffers side effects as a result of the vaccination, the employee should be given paid time off to recover.
Contents of vaccination plan
The mandatory vaccination plan (applicable to employers that have 10 or more employees) must:
- Include the identification of the employees referred to above;
- Include the process by which the obligations in terms of the Direction are going to be complied with;
- Take into account any collective agreement regarding mandatory vaccination (if applicable);
- Take account of when COVID-19 vaccines become available for the affected employees; and
- Take into account an employee’s constitutional right to bodily integrity, as well as the freedom of religion, belief and opinion.
Notifying employees
Every employee identified for mandatory vaccination in the vaccination plan must be notified of:
- The obligation to be vaccinated as and when the vaccination becomes available for that employee;
- The right to refuse to be vaccinated on constitutional or medical grounds; and
- The opportunity to consult with a health and safety representative, worker representative or trade union official.
Have you missed the deadline?
Employers who intended to make vaccination mandatory had until 2 July 2021 (i.e. 21 days after the amended Directions came into force on 11 June 2021) to undertake a risk assessment and to identify employees that would be vaccinated.
It is not clear why there had to be a deadline. It is also not clear what the consequences would be if an employer failed meet the deadline and how that might affect its ability to fairly terminate the services of an employee who refuses to be vaccinated. However, assuming that an employer has complied with the Directions, what may an employer do if an employee refuses to be vaccinated?
Refusal to be vaccinated
If an employee refuses to be vaccinated on any constitutional ground (i.e. freedom of religion, belief or opinion) or medical ground (e.g. possible risk to the employee’s health due to the side effects from taking the vaccine), the employer should:
- Counsel the employee and, if requested, allow the employee to seek guidance from a health and safety representative, worker representative or trade union official;
- Refer the employee for further medical evaluation should there be any contra-indication for vaccination (i.e. if the employee has a condition that, if vaccinated, could cause the employee harm); and
- If necessary (i.e. if the employer is of the firm view that it is necessary for employees in the workplace to be vaccinated based on the particular circumstances), reasonably accommodate the employee in a position that does not require the employee to be vaccinated.
The most controversial issue in relation to mandatory vaccination appears to be the extent to which employees may rely on their constitutional rights not to be vaccinated, in particular freedom of religion, belief or opinion.
Constitutional rights are not absolute, though. In some cases, these rights clearly need to yield to the rights of others (e.g. scenario B mentioned above).
Dismissal for refusing to be vaccinated?
Dismissal for refusal to be vaccinated must be a measure of last resort. The employer should therefore explore alternatives. Annexure C to the Directions suggests a modification or adjustment to the job or work environment, including:
- Working off-site;
- Working from home;
- Working in isolation (at the workplace);
- Working outside normal working hours; and
- Working while wearing a N95 mask.
If the alternatives are not viable and an employer contemplates dismissing an employee for refusing to be vaccinated, we would advise against taking disciplinary action. Depending on the circumstances, it would be more appropriate to deal with such matter as one of operational requirements or incapacity (more likely the latter).
It follows that one would have to adhere to applicable pre-dismissal procedures, irrespective of the size and nature of the employer’s business.
Conclusion
Although mandatory Covid-19 vaccination in the workplace may be justified in certain circumstances, it remains a highly controversial and emotive matter. Employers have to undertake a thorough risk assessment before implementing a mandatory vaccination policy.
The services of employees who refuse to be vaccinated may be terminated in certain circumstances, but not before the employer has attempted to reasonably accommodate such employees. The pre-dismissal considerations that apply in the case of mandatory vaccinations appear to be significantly more onerous than the considerations that apply in most other situations where employment is terminated.